Galalith is a type of plastic that can be made from milk. It is odourless, insoluble in water, biodegradable, anti-allergenic, antistatic, and virtually non-flammable.
Milk Was Once Turned Into Plastic Called Galalith
Long before the age of petroleum-based plastics, there was a surprising alternative: Galalith, a material literally made from milk. The name comes from the Greek words for "milk" and "stone," which perfectly captures what this substance is—hardened milk protein transformed into a workable plastic.
In 1893, French chemist Auguste Trillat discovered that soaking casein (milk protein) in formaldehyde would harden it into a stable, waterproof material. By 1899, German chemists Adolf Spitteler and Wilhelm Krische had patented the commercial process. The result was revolutionary: a material that looked like ivory or horn but came from an abundant, renewable source.
A Plastic With Impressive Properties
What made Galalith special wasn't just its origin—it was its remarkable characteristics. The material is odorless, anti-allergenic, and antistatic, making it comfortable to wear and handle. It's also virtually non-flammable and an excellent electrical insulator. Unlike modern plastics that persist in the environment for centuries, Galalith is biodegradable, breaking down in soil without leaving microplastics behind.
The manufacturing process was fascinating but time-consuming. Milk was first skimmed, then treated with acid to make the casein proteins solidify. This was washed, dried, and formed into sheets or rods under heat and pressure. Here's the catch: these pieces then had to be soaked in formaldehyde baths for up to a year to fully cure and become water-resistant.
From Buttons to Fountain Pens
Galalith's heyday came in the 1920s and 1930s. The material could be:
- Cut, drilled, and embossed with ease
- Dyed in virtually any color
- Polished to a beautiful sheen
- Manipulated to mimic ivory, tortoiseshell, or marble
It became the material of choice for buttons (it could withstand hot irons), jewelry, combs, fountain pens, umbrella handles, and decorative items. In 1913 alone, Germany used 30 million liters of milk for Galalith production.
But there was one major limitation: once set, Galalith couldn't be molded or reshaped. It had to be machined from sheets or rods, making it labor-intensive compared to newer plastics that could be injection-molded into complex shapes.
Why It Disappeared (And Why It's Coming Back)
World War II effectively ended Galalith's dominance. Milk was needed for food, not plastic production. Meanwhile, petroleum-based plastics like Bakelite and later polyethylene offered faster, cheaper manufacturing with the ability to be molded into any shape. European production ceased by 1982, though some countries continued making it into the 1980s.
Today, Galalith is experiencing a niche revival. Designers are rediscovering casein plastic as a sustainable alternative to petroleum plastics, particularly for luxury items, decorative objects, and even biodegradable funeral urns. Modern researchers are working on modified formulations that could work with 3D printing and biomedical applications.
It's a reminder that before we became dependent on fossil fuels for everything, we once made plastics from something as simple as milk—and we might do so again.