Near the Matterhorn, the boundary between two nations has been quietly shifting - not because of politics, but because of physics. A melting glacier moved a national border.

A Border Defined by Ice

The boundary between Italy and Switzerland in the Alps follows a simple rule: wherever water drains north, you are in Switzerland; wherever it drains south, you are in Italy. This drainage divide - called a watershed - runs along the ridge between the two countries, and for centuries it made a clear border marker.

The ridge, however, does not sit on bedrock. It sits on glaciers, firn, and perpetual snow. And those formations are melting.

The Theodul Glacier Retreats

The Theodul Glacier, at around 3,300 meters above sea level near the Matterhorn, lost nearly a quarter of its mass between 1973 and 2010. As the ice pulled back, the physical ridge shifted slightly further into Italian territory - taking the legal border with it.

The affected zone covers four landmarks: Testa Grigia, Plateau Rosa, Rifugio Carrel, and Gobba di Rollin - all within the ski area linking Switzerland's Zermatt resort to Italy's Valtournenche valley. Skiers in this zone can cross between two countries on the same run.

The 2024 Agreement

A joint commission of Italian and Swiss surveyors agreed on new boundary markers in May 2023. Switzerland's Federal Council formally approved the adjustment on September 27, 2024. Italy was still in the process of ratifying the agreement as of late 2024.

The revised stretch covers roughly 100 meters of the Alpine frontier. Because the affected land is communal alpine territory - not private property - no residents needed to relocate. Switzerland gains a small strip of high-altitude terrain as a result.

When Borders Follow the Ice

The Alps are warming roughly twice as fast as the global average, and Alpine glaciers could lose half their remaining ice by 2050. Many other sections of the Italian-Swiss and Italian-Austrian borders follow the same watershed logic. If those glaciers keep retreating, the Matterhorn adjustment may not be the last time a border follows the ice.

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