Before Tide pods and fabric softener, there was... pee. And we're not talking about accidents. For centuries, civilizations around the world—especially the ancient Romans—deliberately used human and animal urine as their go-to laundry detergent.

This wasn't some fringe practice, either. It was the standard method for professional launderers called fullers, who ran bustling workshops throughout Roman cities. These fullonicae were the dry cleaners of antiquity, and their secret ingredient was liquid gold—literally what Romans called urine.

The Science Behind the Stink

Here's why it actually worked: urine contains ammonia, especially after it's been left to ferment. When stale urine sits in warm conditions, it breaks down into alkaline ammonia compounds that excel at dissolving oils, grease, and stubborn dirt. It's essentially a natural degreaser.

The process was labor-intensive. Workers would pile clothes into large vats filled with aged urine mixed with wood ashes, then literally stomp on the fabric with their bare feet. This technique, called saltus fullonicus (the fuller's jump), agitated the cloth like a primitive washing machine. After trampling, the garments were rinsed, brushed with wool or hedgehog skin, and hung to dry.

A Taxable Commodity

Urine was so valuable that Emperor Vespasian created a special tax on its collection and sale. Public urinals—small jars positioned at street corners—became collection points where citizens could contribute to the laundry industry. When Vespasian's son complained about the disgusting tax, the emperor allegedly held up a gold coin and asked, "Does it smell?" The phrase "money doesn't stink" comes from this exchange.

Fullers were paradoxically despised for their smelly profession yet among the most successful workers in Rome. They handled not just cleaning but also the finishing process for new cloth, making them essential to the textile economy.

Not Just a Roman Thing

While Romans perfected the practice, they weren't alone. Various cultures discovered urine's cleaning properties independently:

Medieval Europeans used "chamber lye" (aged urine) for laundry well into the 1800s
Traditional Scottish wool processing involved urine in the fulling stage
Indigenous peoples across continents used urine for tanning leather and cleaning hides

The practice only faded when commercial soap became affordable and widely available during the Industrial Revolution. By the late 19th century, urine-based cleaning had finally been flushed from history.

So next time you complain about doing laundry, remember: at least you're not stomping around in a vat of fermented pee. Modern inconveniences suddenly don't seem so bad.

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